Pit X

Context Title: Pit X1     
Context Name (Excavation): Pit X     
Context Name (Publication): Pit X     
Context Description: Pit X was excavated as a large southern extension of the Royal Cemetery area, likely originally conceived as an extension of Pit Y (Pit J) at the southwest corner. Its main purpose was to uncover the earliest burials in the area, the so-called Jemdat Nasr cemetery first encountered in pits Y and Z. Pit X measured approximately 30x15 meters, though it may originally have been laid out to be 35x20. Woolley reports it as a rectangle covering 1000 square meters, but even the largest indication on the plan map and satellite images is at most 700 square meters and not truly rectangular. Nevertheless, it is a very large space that reached sea level some 20 meters below the surface of the mound. In the Antiquaries Journal for 1934 Woolley reports a total of 13,160 cubic meters of dirt having been removed from this pit. Some minor building remains of the Neo-Babylonian and Kassite periods were found near the surface but most of the area was apparently used as a dumping ground in the Late Bronze Age and later. Woolley knew that the Royal Cemetery area extended to the south of his main area PG but believed he would find few graves of the Akkadian and EDIII period. He discovered more than he expected, but none were overly rich in finds. These graves did not receive PG numbers since the UE2 Royal Cemetery volume had already been published. Instead, they received PJ numbers. The series PJG applied to graves in Pit X Woolley felt to be Akkadian or later and PJB applied to those of the EDIII period. The break between these two sequences came at around 10 meters above sea level. In all, Pit X added some 250 to the more than 1000 burials of these periods that Woolley had already uncovered in area PG. Beneath the graves of the Royal Cemetery (starting at around 6 meters above sea level) Woolley reached the earlier graves of what he called the Jemdat Nasr cemetery. Graves at this depth were given JNG numbers. In fact, JNG eventually applied to all of the early graves discovered in pits W, X, Y, and Z. Some of those excavated in Y and Z had received PG numbers but they were renumbered for publication in the JNG sequence. Most of these graves actually date to the Early Dynastic I period. The area near the base of the pit was smaller than that at the top. Only around 400 square meters was exposed near sea level, yet more than 200 early graves were discovered. Although Ubaid period pottery fragments were found, only two Ubaid burials were discovered here. The large area excavation stopped at 2 meters above sea level, but a test pit at the bottom reached down to sea level itself.     
[1] Imported from BM list of contexts.

Objects: Pit X Export: JSON - XML - CSV

Object U Number Museum Number (UPM Date Reg Number) Museum Number (BM Registration Number) Museum Number (UPM B-number) Description (Catalog Card)
18957 (none) (none) (none) Stone vase. White calcite. Type 80.
18958 (none) 1935,0112.82 (none) Beads; paste cylinders, small, carnelian double conoids and barrels and diamonds and date-shaped; lapis double conoid and ball, quartzite rhomboid, large. One carnelian has bleached pattern. Restrung in original order.
18959 (none) (none) (none) Stone vase. White calcite. Most of rim missing. Type 78, a roughly made and rather angular variant.
18960A (none) (none) (none) (A) Beads: small gold balls, small carnelian balls, lapis diamonds, crystal rings, paste balls, these restrung as far as possible in original order. There were also small silver balls too perised for stringing. (B) Gold earring, small lunate type (the silver part has perished).
18960B (none) (none) (none) (A) Beads: small gold balls, small carnelian balls, lapis diamonds, crystal rings, paste balls, these restrung as far as possible in original order. There were also small silver balls too perised for stringing. (B) Gold earring, small lunate type (the silver part has perished).
18961 (none) (none) (none) Copper tumbler. Type _.
18962 (none) (none) (none) Beads: small string of lapis diamonds, carnelian rings and tubular (one square in section, one round), steatite cylinder and diamond.
18963 (none) (none) (none) Gold earring, small lunate type.
18964 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Dark steatite. Seated deity and two standing figures, and two columns of inscription. Inscription: Ur-ses-GIR, son of Ur-girenna (C.J.G.)
18965A (none) (none) (none) (A) beads; small gold balls, plain and ribbed, small carnelian balls, 2 carnelian date-shaped, 2 tubular and one flattened cone with belached design; one lapis ball. [drawing] (B) Gold earring, small lunate type.
18965B (none) (none) (none) (A) beads; small gold balls, plain and ribbed, small carnelian balls, 2 carnelian date-shaped, 2 tubular and one flattened cone with belached design; one lapis ball. [drawing] (B) Gold earring, small lunate type.
18969 (none) (none) (none) Copper cauldron. In pretty good condition. The bottom has been strengthened by adding a piece of copper on the outside, which is rivetted on. Type 49
18970 35-1-435 (none) (none) Copper razors. A pair corroded together; one complete, one fragmentary. [drawing 1:1]
18971 (none) (none) (none) Earring. Gold and copper. A lunate earring of each metal intertwined.
18972 (none) 1935,0112.38 (none) Cylinder seal. Dark steatite. Seated deity and 3 standing figures.
18973 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Dark steatite. One seated and 3 standing gods.
18974 35-1-9, 35-1-9 (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Dark green steatite. One seated and three standing figures: two columns of inscription. Inscription: Lugal-ma (C.J.G.)
18975 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Lapis. Bull carrying a shrine, with worshippers, gods and animals.
18976 35-1-5 (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Light yellowish stone. 2 heroes fighting animals.
18977 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Pale mottled steatite. Seated deity and 3 standing figures.
18978 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Black steatite. Seated deity and 3 standing figures.
18979 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Hunter and four animals; a column of inscription.
18980 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Shell. Geometric design.
18981 35-1-21 (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Green stone. 2 heroes fighting lions.
18982 (none) (none) (none) Cylinder seal. Two hereos fighting gazelles.

Media: Pit X Export: JSON - XML - CSV

Media Media Title Title Label Author Omeka Label
Ur Excavations IV; The Early Periods Ur Excavations IV; The Early Periods 1955 Woolley, L. (none)
  • 1 Media

Sibling Locations

Pit Y

Child Locations

Jemdat Nasr Graves - PJB - PJG

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Context

Ur > Royal Cemetery | PG > PJ > Pit X

References

Woolley, L. . (1955) Ur Excavations IV; The Early Periods, Oxford: Oxford University Press.