Pit X

General

Context Title:	Pit X¹
Context Name (Excavation):	Pit X
Context Name (Publication):	Pit X
Context Description:	Pit X was excavated as a large southern extension of the Royal Cemetery area, likely originally conceived as an extension of Pit Y (Pit J) at the southwest corner. Its main purpose was to uncover the earliest burials in the area, the so-called Jemdat Nasr cemetery first encountered in pits Y and Z. Pit X measured approximately 30x15 meters, though it may originally have been laid out to be 35x20. Woolley reports it as a rectangle covering 1000 square meters, but even the largest indication on the plan map and satellite images is at most 700 square meters and not truly rectangular. Nevertheless, it is a very large space that reached sea level some 20 meters below the surface of the mound. In the Antiquaries Journal for 1934 Woolley reports a total of 13,160 cubic meters of dirt having been removed from this pit. Some minor building remains of the Neo-Babylonian and Kassite periods were found near the surface but most of the area was apparently used as a dumping ground in the Late Bronze Age and later. Woolley knew that the Royal Cemetery area extended to the south of his main area PG but believed he would find few graves of the Akkadian and EDIII period. He discovered more than he expected, but none were overly rich in finds. These graves did not receive PG numbers since the UE2 Royal Cemetery volume had already been published. Instead, they received PJ numbers. The series PJG applied to graves in Pit X Woolley felt to be Akkadian or later and PJB applied to those of the EDIII period. The break between these two sequences came at around 10 meters above sea level. In all, Pit X added some 250 to the more than 1000 burials of these periods that Woolley had already uncovered in area PG. Beneath the graves of the Royal Cemetery (starting at around 6 meters above sea level) Woolley reached the earlier graves of what he called the Jemdat Nasr cemetery. Graves at this depth were given JNG numbers. In fact, JNG eventually applied to all of the early graves discovered in pits W, X, Y, and Z. Some of those excavated in Y and Z had received PG numbers but they were renumbered for publication in the JNG sequence. Most of these graves actually date to the Early Dynastic I period. The area near the base of the pit was smaller than that at the top. Only around 400 square meters was exposed near sea level, yet more than 200 early graves were discovered. Although Ubaid period pottery fragments were found, only two Ubaid burials were discovered here. The large area excavation stopped at 2 meters above sea level, but a test pit at the bottom reached down to sea level itself.

[1] Imported from BM list of contexts.

Files

General

UE 4 Pit X.pdf - Download

UE 4 Pit X.3.pdf - Download

UE 4 Pit X.2.pdf - Download

Objects: Pit X Export: JSON - XML - CSV

U Number	Museum Number (UPM Date Reg Number)	Museum Number (BM Registration Number)	Museum Number (UPM B-number)	Description (Catalog Card)
19058	(none)	1997,0607.1	(none)	Stone vase. White calcite. Type 92.
18766	(none)	1953,0411.73	(none)	Clay tablet. One edge broken away.
18816	(none)	1953,0411.225	(none)	Clay tablet.
19640A	(none)	1935,0112.99	(none)	Stone vases. 'alabaster'. JN 28
19612	(none)	1935,0112.98	(none)	Stone vase. 'alabaster'. JN 28
19349	(none)	1935,0112.96	(none)	Stone bowl. Basic diorite. Type JN 19.
19198	(none)	1935,0112.95	(none)	Bronze harpoon. Arrow type 4a.
19304	(none)	1935,0112.94	(none)	Stone bowl. Basic diorite. Type JN 36
19319	(none)	1935,0112.93	(none)	Stone bowl. Basic diorite. Type JN 17.
19961	(none)	1935,0112.92	(none)	Stone bowl. Diorite. Type JN 52
19274	(none)	1935,0112.91	(none)	Stone vase. White calcite. Type J.N. 26.
19282	(none)	1935,0112.90	(none)	Stone bowl. White calcite. Type J.N. 13
19966	(none)	1935,0112.88	(none)	Stone bowl. Limestone. (top half) [crossed out] JN 3 =24
19430	(none)	1935,0112.86	(none)	Beads. Carnelian rings and 1 tube, lapis balls, black and white marble balls, 1 quartzite lozenge-shape, 4 date-shaped red chalcedony (?)
19237	(none)	1935,0112.84	(none)	Beads. Carnelian cylinders, shell cylinders and lapis rings.
19232	(none)	1935,0112.83	(none)	Beads. Carnelian rings, one cylindrical, and a few lapis balls.
18958	(none)	1935,0112.82	(none)	Beads; paste cylinders, small, carnelian double conoids and barrels and diamonds and date-shaped; lapis double conoid and ball, quartzite rhomboid, large. One carnelian has bleached pattern. Restrung in original order.
19223	(none)	1935,0112.81	(none)	Beads. Lapis tubes & ovals, quartzite double conoids; also a quantity of shell rings, and some small shells pierced as beads.
19575.3	(none)	1935,0112.79	(none)	[.1-.7] Beads. Carnelian and chalcedony [drawing], carnelian tubes and balls, lapis and marble balls, shell date-shaped : a very large collection : 1 gold
18887	(none)	1935,0112.78	(none)	Beads: Gold, two nasturtium seeds and five four-flanged beads: 6 carnelian date-shaped, 4 lapis ditto., and 1 lapis cylinder.
18744	(none)	1935,0112.75, 1935,0112.76	(none)	Clay tablet. One corner missing.
18835	(none)	1935,0112.74	(none)	Clay jar-sealing. Burnt black. With 3 incomplete seal-impressions shewing presentaiton sceneand inscriptions. mark of jar neck inside.
18774	(none)	1935,0112.65	(none)	Terracotta relief, fragment of. From the hips upwards, a nude female figure, full face, the left hand held across the belly, the right arm by her side: high relief, coarse face with big eyes.
18827	(none)	1935,0112.64	(none)	Terracotta relief, part of. Nude female figure standing full face: the left hand in front of breast, right arm by side and the hand holding a spouted pot. Heavy necklace, flat cap.
18776	(none)	1935,0112.63	(none)	Terracotta relief, fragment of. A dog walking right, followed by its puppy.